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Annual Report 2008 Contents and AbstractsContentsGiorgos I. Despinis
Giorgos I. Despinis
Andreas Schachner
Ortwin Dally – Regina Attula – Helmut
Brückner – Daniel Kelterbaum – Pavel A.
Larenok – Reinder Neef – Torsten Schunke
Iulian Bîrzescu
Alessandro Naso
Bernhard Weisser
Fikret Özcan
Wolfgang Günther
Norbert Ehrhardt – Wolfgang Günther –
Peter Weiß
Gerhard Jöhrens
Ralf von den Hoff
Scholarships of the German Archaeological Institute Information for Authors > AbstractsGiorgos I. Despinis, The Torso in the Athens National Museum Inv. No. 3045. Fragment of a Pediment Composition with the Birth of Athena?The torso in the Athens National Museum Inv. No. 3045 comes – as is commonly accepted – from a statue of Zeus seated on a throne. The shallow depth of the figure and the rough workmanship on the rear side show that the torso was part of the sculptural decoration of a pediment. Crucial for the interpretation is the complex system by which a heavy appendage was attached; part of the system is preserved on the back of the left shoulder. The author holds that a statuette of Athena was affixed here which was visible behind and above the left shoulder, and that we are consequently dealing with a depiction of the birth of Athena rendered in the Archaic manner. This interpretation leads the author to the hypothesis that the statue was part of a composition showing the birth of Athena ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῦ Διὸς, which is attested by Pausanias 1, 24, 1 to the west of the Parthenon. The author links the torso in the Athens National Museum Inv. No. 3045 with the fragments of the quadriga horses in the Acropolis Museum, Inv. No. 6454 and 15244, which are also deemed to be part of a pediment composition on the Acropolis. He does not attribute them to a gigantomachy – as has been done in recent years – but rather to the centre of two compositions which were intended to replace the marble pediment of the Older Temple of Athena but were never completed. The two scenes, the birth of Athena and the epiphany of the goddess, were displayed behind the Parthenon or the Older Temple of Athena, as was the case with the pediment compositions of the Sanctuary of Aphaia on Aegina which stood on separate socles under a protective canopy to the east of the sanctuary. Keywords: Zeus • birth of Athena • Acropolis of Athens • Older Temple of Athena • pediment ▲ Giorgos I. Despinis, The Votive Relief of Neoptolemos in the Athenian Agora Museum The scene depicted on the right side of the relief in the Agora Museum Inv. No. I 7154 has been interpreted as the handing over of the newborn Dionysus by Hermes to the nymphs. This subject, however, bears no relation at all to the north slope of the Acropolis, to which the deities present at the scene – Zeus, Demeter, Apollo, Artemis, the nymphs and Pan – collectively refer. In fact the scene of the action is directly connected with the baby Ion, son of Apollo and Creusa, who was abandoned by his mother in Apollo’s cave, from where Hermes took the child to Delphi. This new interpretation allows a better understanding of the iconographic details of the relief, which according to the inscription on the bottom rim was dedicated by Neoptolemos, son of Anticles, of Melite, a wealthy Athenian and benefactor of a number of sanctuaries in Athens. Keywords: votive relief • Acropolis of Athens, north slope • Zeus • Demeter • Apollo • Artemis • nymphs • Pan • Hermes • Ion • Neoptolemos ▲ Andreas Schachner, The Excavations in Boğazköy-Hattuša in 2008 Excavations in the valley west of Sarıkale have furnished proof that sections of the western Upper City were already in use in the late Karum period. After a stratigraphically clearly defined hiatus in settlement, an entirely new and very regularly planned settlement was established, its regularity unprecedented in the 16th century B.C. In the excavation zones to the south, at the transition to the central temple district, a large Hittite house has been almost fully exposed, allowing insights into the lifestyle of the Hittite elite which is known only from written sources. Surveys conducted in the Lower City have established that Kesikkaya probably possessed monumental architecture and was incorporated into a built-up district that extended to the north and east. The postern wall thus ran along the rocky spur in a wide arc. In the northern part of the Lower City two Abschnittsmauern have been identified unexpectedly, radically altering our picture of this part of the town. West of the Hittite town, the excavations at Çamlıbel Tarlası were continued under the direction of U.-D. Schoop and have shed light on the history and cultural development of the settlement cluster of Boğazköy. Above all, the radiocarbon datings will afford for the first time a more exact definition of the early settlement activities in this area. Keywords: Hattuša • valley below Sarıkale • Karum period • Middle Hittite • Çamlıbel Tarlası • Chalcolithic ▲ Ortwin Dally – Regina Attula – Helmut Brückner – Daniel Kelterbaum – Pavel A. Larenok – Reinder Neef – Torsten Schunke, The Greeks on the Don. Results of the German-Russian Excavations in Taganrog and the Surrounding Area in the 2004–2007 Campaigns Excavations and surveys at Taganrog, approx. 50 km west of Rostov on Don, have been in progress since 2004, conducted by the German Archaeological Institute, the Don Archaeological Society in Rostov on Don and the Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow. A combination of excavation and drilling led to the identification, in 2004–2007, of a trade post in Taganrog which appears to have been founded in the last quarter of the 7th century B.C. by Ionian Greeks in what was, in terms of access and transport, a highly convenient location in the delta where the Don flows into the Sea of Asov. The settlement can be regarded as one of the earliest of all Greek settlements in the north-eastern Black Sea region. The results so far give reason to suppose that at first relatively small groups of Greeks settled alongside the indigenous population in Taganrog. The field work is integrated into a broadly based research programme which looks at the cultural-historical development of the Don delta between the late Bronze Age and the 3rd century B.C. Further excavations and a survey on the peninsula of Myus Liman west of Taganrog have yielded preliminary results which indicate that the settlement of Elisavetovka in the Don delta played a significant role from the turn of the 6th to the 5th century B.C. onwards, but was joined by other settlements in the course of the 4th century B.C., before the foundation of Tanais by traders from the Bosporan Kingdom brought about a restructuring of the entire settlement system in the Don delta. Keywords: Don delta • Myus Liman • Greek colonisation • Ionian pottery • Bosporan Kingdom ▲ Iulian Bîrzescu, Finds from Miletus XXI. Three Types of Archaic Banded Amphorae from Miletus In this study three types of Archaic amphorae from Miletus are considered – the Byblos and Oikus type and a type of small banded amphorae. The latter is characterised by painted stripe decoration. In form and dimensions the first two types are related to the large unpainted transport amphorae. Their widespread distribution also covers southern Italy, the Near East and the Black Sea region. The third type can be classified with table amphorae, which are known above all from specimens with figured painting. Most of the banded amphorae originate from the Sanctuary of Aphrodite of Oikus before the gates of Miletus on Zeytintepe; for the first time several specimens have been completely reconstructed. A dipinto shows that these amphorae were also produced for the sanctuary. Thanks to their number and variety, banded amphorae contribute to a better understanding of Archaic pottery in one of the important Archaic poleis. Keywords: Miletus • Archaic period • ceramic production • banded-ware • amphorae ▲ Alessandro Naso, Finds from Miletus XXII. Etruscan Bucchero from Miletus: Preliminary Report Bucchero, the Etruscan national pottery, was appreciated also by Greeks, who adopted in their culture the form of the commonest Etruscan vase, the kantharos, as an attribute of Dionysos. This adoption led to a widespread distribution of this vase in the Greek world, which is also clearly demonstrated by the bucchero finds in the Aegean. Here Miletus is the richest bucchero findplace, since the excavations conducted by V. von Graeve from 1985 onwards have produced more than 100 Etruscan bucchero sherds, belonging mostly to kantharoi, which were dedicated in the Aphrodite sanctuary. Mineralogical and petrographical analysis carried out by G. Trojsi has enabled us to identify the probable Etruscan production centres of the bucchero pots by comparison with the results of previous research. These centres are Caere and Tarquinia, two of the most important Etruscan city-states, which had direct relationships with Miletus. Keywords: Miletus • Ionia • Etruscan • bucchero • votive offering ▲ Bernhard Weisser, Finds from Miletus XXIII. A Hoard at Miletus with Silver Coins from the Early 4th Century B.C. The hoard of coins found at Miletus in 2007 was hidden in a niche in the interior wall of a house. It comprises nine silver coins from the early 4th century B.C. from the mints of Samos, Ephesus and Rhodes as well as two Persian satrap mintages. It is the first hoard from this period observed in situ at Miletus. In its composition it corresponds with what is known as the Hekatomnos hoard. The find illustrates that coinage minted by city states and by Persian satraps was simultaneously in circulation in the Meander bay area. The find furthermore allows a reassessment of this satrap coinage, which should no longer be linked to the Rhodian-born Persian general Memnon. Keywords: Miletus • numismatics • coin find • classical era • Persian satraps ▲ Fikret Özcan, Finds from Miletus XXIV. Hellenistic Terracottas from the East Terrace of Kalabaktepe In the last two years, excavations at the site of the Sanctuary of Artemis on the east terrace of Kalabaktepe have brought to light terracottas from the Hellenistic era for the first time. They can be dated to the period from the middle of the 3rd century B.C. to the late 2nd century B.C. They are few in number and moreover all in a fragmentary state. Even though figural terracottas of these types are known to have been used in a profane context as early as the Hellenistic period, it is possible all the same that these terracottas, in view of their finding place, are associated with the cult of Artemis; such an association cannot be proved, however. This article presents an illustrative selection of the newly discovered terracottas: a child’s head, two women’s heads, the fragment of a wing and the fragment of a female statuette with a bare breast. Keywords: Miletus • numismatics • coin find • classical era • Persian satraps ▲ Wolfgang Günther, Finds from Miletus XXV. Hellenistic Citizenship and Proxeny Lists from the Delphinion and Their Whereabouts in the Byzantine Period Four new inscription finds, wall ashlars from the Delphinion reused as spolia, contain registers of new citizens and proxenoi of the 3rd century B.C.: the oldest yet dated list from 274/273, which attests for the first time new citizens from the area of Thessaly, a list of naturalised metics, among them the later celebrated Eudemos, founder of a school, as well as the section of a register whose unusually great length suggests the complete incorporation of a polis community. This list probably documents the sympolity with neighbouring Myus. Two inscription finds from the old Miletus excavation of 1918 are registers from the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C.; they include the naming of a proxenos from Berytos in Phoenicia. A fairly large number of ashlars from the Delphinion were reused in the construction of a cemetery church in the post-Justinian period. This suggests that the Delphinion survived as an intact building or as a ruin into the 6th century A.D. Keywords: Miletus • Delphinion • inscriptions • citizenship • proxeny • sympolity • Byzantium ▲ Norbert Ehrhardt – Wolfgang Günther – Peter Weiß, Finds from Miletus XXVI. Aphrodite Offerings with Ear-Reliefs from Oikus In the Milesian Sanctuary of Aphrodite of Oikus, more than 30 inscribed and anepigraphic votive panels and steles were found – albeit not in situ – during the excavation campaigns of 2006 and 2007. Many of them bore a relief representation of an ear or pair of ears along with the votive inscription. The formulation of the inscriptions, which according to the shape of the letters date from the period between the 2nd century B.C. and the 2nd century A.D., is stereotypical: »N. N. Ἀφροδίτῃ«. The offerings were therefore made to Aphrodite as a deity »who hears prayers« (ἐπήκοος). They are not anatomical offerings. Where the names of the dedicators are preserved, they are exclusively female. For the Archaic era, by contrast, men are well attested among the dedicators at Oikus. The new marble votives probably indicate a change in clientele and votive practice compared to earlier epochs. Keywords: Miletus • Aphrodite • votives • prayer-answering deities (ἐπήκοος) • ear-reliefs ▲ Gerhard Jöhrens, Finds from Miletus XXVII. Amphora Stamps from the Excavations at Miletus, 1899–2007 The Rhodian amphorae stamps from Miletus confirm a finding also suggested by Milesian coins: namely that the years from c. 177 to 161 B.C. represent a highpoint in Milesian trade. To date, Miletus, Phocaea and Panormos have not figured among the numerous production centres of stamped amphorae in the Hellenistic period. Several handles from Miletus now correct this picture. The municipal monogram of Miletus used on the coins, handles bearing the names of coinage officials and/or stephanephors from Miletus, the dating to a period after the Milesian stephanephoria as well as other factors indicate that a number of amphorae stamps originate from Miletus. Two stamps bear the monogram of Phocaea; as to the ethnikon Πάνορμος on stamps from Iasos and Miletus, it can probably be related to the harbour of Didyma. Further evidence is provided by the stamped double handles of the Hellenistic period. So far this type of amphorae has been regarded as originating exclusively from Kos, but several handles from Miletus now reveal that transport amphorae with stamped double handles were also produced at Miletus in the Hellenistic period. Further information will be yielded by the results of neutron activation analysis of samples taken from several handles during the 2008 summer campaign. Keywords: Miletus • amphorae stamps • Kos • Panormos • Phocaea ▲ Ralf von den Hoff, Caligula. The Visual Representation of a Roman Emperor Imperial-era, Senate-influenced historiography passed a verdict of insanity on the third Roman princeps, Caligula. Researchers into ancient history have understood this judgement as the consequence of the young Emperor’s contempt for the rules of a communication system in which the Emperor, the Senate and the people were all implicated: Caligula had sought to define his role as absolute ruler. Visual depictions of Caligula were very much part of this communication system. Systematic analysis of the representations of the ruler in various media, taking the media contexts into account, can reveal how continuity of tradition with Augustus and Tiberius was projected on the one hand while on the other – particularly in the private, military and courtly sphere – new, accentuating forms of depiction were employed for Caligula which allow his redefined role of the ruler to be integrated into the framework of contemporary requirements. Keywords: Caligula • portraiture, Roman • Principate • representation of rulers • images of rulers ▲ |
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